[经验交流]：一定要知道的英语语法2

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形容词（二〕：

　　1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着〔代）名词，直接修饰该〔代）名词。

　　(1) 前位修饰：

　　(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能作限定用法，放在名词的前面。

　　a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.

　　(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法，没有叙述用法。

　　upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;

　　(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

　　He could not do it in so short a time.

　　He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).

　　(2) 后位修饰：

　　(A) 名词之后的数词＋名词＋old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.

　　a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;

　　(B) 为加强语气或音调美，而将限定形容词放在后面。

　　He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.

　　(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody... ＋ 形容词。

　　I'll tell you something very important.

　　That's nothing new.

　　(D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语。

　　I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).

　　Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.

　　2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语，间接地修饰〔代）名词。

　　He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语）

　　The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语）

　　注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。

　　I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.

　　It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.

　　3. 作补语的形容词：

　　(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。

　　I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.

　　He is afraid of it. = He fears it.

　　注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.

　　(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。

　　John is interested in English grammar.

　　He was surprised at her behaviour.

　　(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代）名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。

　　She was not aware of the facts.

　　She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.

　　She was not aware that there is danger.

　　(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句

　　It is true that she never came.

　　此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.

　　(A) that子句中的假设法。

　　It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略〕

　　(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。

　　I'm not sure why he came.

　　I'm not clear where she went.

　　4. 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:

　　(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词

　　(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词

　　(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词

　　主词 + be worthy + 不定词

　　This book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.)

　　5. like和as: like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可。

　　I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).

　　I hoped to succeed like you.

　　I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作连词是非正式的用法)

　　冠词 (三)

　　1. 不定冠词的用法:

　　(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前。

　　An hour

　　(2) 表同种类的全体, 此时a带有any的意味。

　　A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)

　　(3) 等于one。

　　I have a sister and two brothers.

　　(4) 等于the same.

　　Birds of a feather flock together.

　　(5) 等于per“每一......”。

　　We work eight hours a day. Ninety miles an hour;

　　(6) a = a certain, 表说话者不认识此人。

　　Do you know a Mr. Smith?

　　(7) 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词，

　　Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of) ;

　　This is a good cloth for summer.

　　(8) “have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”，与抽象名词的动词形同义。

　　Let us take am. = Let usm.

　　2. 定冠词的用法：

　　(1) 由于上下文的关系, 某名词所指的东西已非常明显, 或已有一定的范围, 该名词应加the。

　　Shut the door.

　　Please pass me the caster.

　　(2) 表该名词的总称。

　　The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)

　　(3) 前面已提过的名词，再度提到时前面加the。

　　Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.

　　The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.

　　(4) 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前。

　　This is the book that I promised to lend you.

　　(5) 用在宇宙（独一无二）的天体名词之前。

　　The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth;

　　(6) 用在方位，方向等名词之前。

　　The sun rises in the east and set in the west.

　　(7) 乐器的名称前要加the。

　　To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)

　　(8) 表示单位的名词前要加the。

　　Gasoline is sold by the gallon.

　　Meat is sold by the catty.

　　(9) 在最高级的形容词或序数(the first...)之前要加the。

　　Taiwan is the best place to live in.

　　(10)专有名词在下列情况可加the。

　　（A）海、河、运河的名称：The Thames; the Bahamas;

　　(B) 复数形的专有名词: The West Indies; the Bahamas;

　　（C）船泊的名称: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scotsman; the Comet;

　　(D) 书报、杂志、经典的名称： the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;

　　(E) 公共建筑、机关的名称: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;

　　(F) 国民的总称: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;

　　(G) 用在姓氏的复数前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.

　　3. 冠词的省略:

　　(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词。

　　Waiter, bring my bill, please.

　　(2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词，甚至佣人也都不需加冠词。

　　Father is out, but Mother is at home.

　　Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas.

　　(3) 三餐名称前不加冠词。

　　Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me.

　　(4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词。

　　He likes basketball.

　　White is a beautiful color.

　　Do you play bridge?

　　Sight is one of the five senses.

　　(5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。

　　He was elected president.

　　George Ⅵ, King of England.

　　(6) School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词。

　　School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）

　　The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）

　　(7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词。

　　Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old;

　　副词 (四)(Red修饰Blue)

　　1. 副词的用法:

　　(1) 修饰动词: He works hard. He speaks slowly.

　　(2) 修饰形容词: The flower is very beautiful.

　　(3) 修饰其他副词: He works very hard.

　　(4) 修饰名词: Even a child (or Even he) can do it.

　　(5) 修饰全句: Probably he will come back.

　　(6) 修饰副词片语: He came exactly at two o’clock.

　　(7) 修饰副词子句: He started soon after we came.

　　2. 副词的位置

　　(1) 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。

　　The mountain is very beautiful.

　　He came long before the appointed time.

　　(2) 修饰动词的副词

　　不及物动词 + 副词 She speaks well.

　　及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.

　　(3) 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。

　　She was born in Taipei in 1948.

　　(4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually等频率副词的位置。

　　(A) 在一般动词前: They always say so.

　　(B) 有动词be时,在be动词后: I am always busy.

　　(C) 有助动词时, 在助动词和本动词间: This job will never be finished.

　　(5) 置于句首修饰全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.

　　(6) 同类两个以上的副词须依 (单位较小者 + 单位较大者) 的顺序排列。

　　He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.

　　(7) 有两个以上不同种类的副词修饰语时, 其顺序为: 地点+状态+次数+时间。

　　She arrived there safely the other day.

　　3. 时间副词

　　(1) Time“时候”: 可以用作when的答语, 如: late ( = at a late time), now ( = at this time), presently (= at the present time), then ( = at that time), just, nowadays, today, etc.

　　I’ve just heard that you are leaving us. ( = at this very moment)

　　Nowadays, many teenagers have long hair. ( = at the present time)

　　注: 两个以上表时间的副词须依“单位小的时间＋单位大的时间”排列。

　　I’ll see you at nine on Monday.

　　(2) Duration“期间” : 用来作how long的答语，如：

　　momentarily, temporarily, for many weeks, long, from May till August, etc.

　　Has he been ill long? Yes, he has been ill since the end of May.

　　He was away from school (for) four or five weeks.

　　(3) Frequency“频率”: 用来作how often的答语，可分两种：

　　(A) 非限定频率：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, etc.

　　The sun always rises in the east. My brother rarely writes to me.

　　(B) 限定频率：daily, hourly, monthly, annually, twice, everyday, once, etc.

　　I have been in Singapore once.

　　We have English lessons every other day.

　　注：以上三种时间副词在一起时，其顺序为“期间＋频率＋时间”。

　　I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood.

　　注： Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首，要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前。

　　Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.

　　4.地方副词: 表示where？的副词，也包括“动态方向”的副词，如：

　　below, by, down, elsewhere, far, here, home, in, locally, near, off, opposite, out, around, away, back, outward(s), right, sideway(s), upward(s), etc.

　　(1) 地方副词通常置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。

　　He lives in a small village. They are not there.

　　(2) 两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。

　　The children running around upstairs.

　　(3) 两个以上的地方副词须依“小地方＋大地方”的顺序排列。

　　Many people eat in restaurants in London.

　　5. 几个特殊副词的用法：

　　(1) enough, too,

　　(A) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面。

　　She’s old enough to do some work.

　　She’s too old to do any work.

　　(B) too...to + 动词“太…而不能”, enough to + 动词“足够可以”(= so...that)

　　I am too poor to afford such extravagance.

　　= I am so poor that I cannot afford such extravagance.

　　You are rich enough to keep a maid.

　　= You are so rich that you can keep a maid.

　　(2) very, much,

　　(A) very修饰形容词，副词； much (或very much)修饰动词。

　　He spoke very carefully.

　　It is much talked about these days.

　　(B) Very修饰原级形容词及副词；much修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词。

　　Your work is very good.

　　This is much better.

　　This is much (by far) the best.

　　(3) already, yet, still,

　　(A) Already用于肯定句，作“已经”解； yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解。

　　I already like him. (= I have by this time come to like him.)

　　He can’t drive yet. (= He can’t drive up to this time.)

　　注：Already用在疑问句或否定句时，表惊讶。

　　Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)

　　(B) Still表动作或状态的持续，作“仍然”解。

　　I still like him. (= I continue to like him.)

　　注：Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。

　　He is still standing. (continue to stand)

　　He is standing still. (= standing motionless)

　　(4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动，句意和语气也会改变。

　　Only John phoned Mary today.

　　John phoned only Mary today.

　　John phoned Mary only today (today only).

　　(5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前； alone则放在其后。

　　You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer.

　　You can get a B grade for that answer alone.

　　6.副词应注意的事项：

　　(1) 有些字可当形容词又可当副词, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.

　　We had an early breakfast. (形容词)

　　We went by a fast train. (形容词)

　　We had breakfast early. (副词)

　　Don’t speak so fast. (副词)

　　(2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。

　　The above statement (= the statement which is above)

　　(3) 有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。

　　(A) easy“安适地”; easily“容易地”;

　　Stand easy!

　　He’s not easily satisfied.

　　(B) clear ( = completely“完全地”; clearly“显然地”)

　　The bullet went clear through the door.

　　The thieves got clearly away.

　　(C) high“高”; highly“很; 非常”

　　The birds are flying high.

　　He was highly praised for his work.

　　(D) Slow和slowly当副词时同义, 但slow比slowly语气强.

　　I told the driver to go slow(er).

　　Drive slowly round these bends in the road.

　　(E) hard“辛苦地”; hardly“几乎不”

　　He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.)

　　He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.)

　　(F) just“刚才; 仅”; justly“公正地”

　　I’ve just seen him.

　　He was justly punished.

　　(G) late“迟”; lately (= recently)“最近地”

　　He went to bed late.

　　I haven’t seen Mr. Green lately.

　　(H) Pretty (= fairly, moderately)“十分, 颇”; prettily (= in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地”

　　The situation seems pretty hopeless.

　　She was prettily dressed.

　　(I) near“接近地”; nearly“几乎”

　　The time for the examination is drawing near.

　　I nearly missed my train.

　　注：formally和formerly是分别由形容词formal“正式的”， former“以前的”加ly形成的副词。

　　

　　比较（五）

　　1. 比较分三种: 一原级；二比较级；三最高级；

　　2. 比较级和最高级的构成：

　　(1) 规则变化:

　　(A) 单音节和双音节字在字尾加-er和-est。

　　原级 比较级 最高级

　　small smaller smallest

　　wise wiser wisest

　　dry drier driest

　　hot hotter hottest

　　后三组注意加-er和-est的变化。

　　(A) 三音节以上的字和部分两音节以上的字, 在原级前面加more和most。

　　原级 比较级 最高级

　　useful more useful most useful

　　diligent more diligent most diligent

　　(2) 不规则变化:

　　good(好的)和well(健康的)的比较级都是better; 最高级都是best;

　　bad(坏的)和ill(生病的)的比较级都是worse; 最高级都是worst;

　　many(很多的)和much(作形容词是大量的; 作副词是非常地)比较级都是more; 最高级都是most;

　　little(作形容词是小的; 作副词是一点地)有两个比较级是little, smaller less; 两最高级是littlest, smallest least;

　　far(作副词是远地)的两个比较级是farther(更远, 表距离), further(更进步, 表程度); 两个最高级是farthest, furthest;

　　old的两个比较级是older(表年龄或新旧), elder(表长幼顺序); 两个最高级是oldest, eldest;

　　late的两个比较级是later(表时间), latter(表顺序); 两个最高级是latest(最近的), last(最后的);

　　3. 比较的方式:

　　(1) 相等比较: ...as + 原级 + as... 和 ...as + 原级 + 名词 + as...;

　　William is as poor as John. ( = William’s poverty is equal to John’s.)

　　She has as much money as I (have).

　　(2) 劣等比较: ...less + 原级 + than...( = not so or as + 原级 + as...;)

　　She is less careful than her. = She is not so (or as) careful as her.

　　(3) 优等比较: ...比较级 + than... 和 ...the + 比较级 + of the two;

　　He is more careful than her.

　　Jim is the more stupid of the two boys.

　　4. 最高级的表达方式:

　　(1) 优等比较: (最…)

　　...the + 最高级( + 单数名词或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(复数)

　　...the + 最高级( + 单数名词或one) + in + 场所(单数)

　　A giraffe is the tallest of (or among) all animals.

　　A giraffe is the tallest in the animal kingdom.

　　(2) 劣等比较: (最不…)

　　...the + least + 原级( + 单数名词或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(复数)

　　...the + least + 原级( + 单数名词或one) + in + 场合(单数)

　　Grammar is the least interesting of (or among) all the subjects.

　　Jack is the least diligent boy in his class.

　　(3) 其他表示最高级的方式:

　　(A) 用原级表示最高级。

　　He is as happy as he can be. = He is happiest.

　　(B) “比较级 + than any other + 单数名词”表示最高级。

　　This is more difficult than any other book here.

　　= This is the most difficult of all the books here.

　　(C) 否定的比较级表示最高级。

　　Nothing can be simpler than this. = This is the simplest thing of all.

　　(D) 叙述用法的最高级形容词。

　　Summer is hottest in July. She was happiest when she was young.

　　1. 不用than的比较:

　　(1) than的省略:

　　Never before did he work harder (than now).

　　(2) 作限定用法的形容词, 常接代名词one.

　　I want a better job.

　　Bring me a smaller one.

　　(3) 作叙述用法的形容词.

　　He is better now.

　　It is warmer this morning.

　　(4) 接if子句的比较级.

　　You will understand it easier if you consult the dictionary.

　　(5) 只作限定用法的形容词比较级, 如: inner, outer, upper, former, latter, utter, elder, etc.

　　The plan was an utter failure.

　　My brother will come back from America in the latter part of the year.

　　(6) 比较级 + and + 比较级“越来...越”

　　He became more and more eloquent towards the end of his speech.

　　(7) 由拉丁文而来的比较级(接to不接than).

　　He is junior to me. (to之后接受格)和 He is younger than I. (than之后接主格)

　　其它的例子如下:

　　senior(= older)和junior(= younger); superior(= better)和inferior(= worse); major(= more)和minor(= less); prior(= before)和prefer(= like better);

　　(1) prefer + (动)名词 + to + (动)名词= prefer to + 原形… rather than + 原形

　　I prefer reading to talking. = I prefer to read rather than talk.

　　(2) The + 比较级…, the + 比较级… “越…, 越…”

　　The more I read, the more intensely interested I became.

　　The more he has, the more he wants.

　　第一个the是关系副词, 引导副词子句, 修饰第二个the(指示副词).(红色修饰黑色)

　　The happier a human being is, the longer he lives.

　　在句意明确时, 常以省略句的形式出现.

　　The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

　　5. 含有否定词的比较级:

　　(1) no less than = as much (or many) as“多达”和not less than = at least“最少”

　　I have no less than (= as much as) 10,000 dollars.

　　He has not less than (= at least) 5 dollars.

　　(2) no less...than = as...as“和...一样”和not less + 原级 + than“至少不比...差; 也许比...更...”

　　She is no less rich than (= as rich as) her sister.

　　She is not less rich than her sister.

　　(3) no more than = only“只”和not more than = at most“最多”

　　He has no more than (= only) 10 dollars.

　　He has not more than (= at most) five.

　　(4) no more...than = not...any more than“和...一样不...”和not more...than = not so...as “没有到…的程度; 不像...那样...”

　　I am no more mad than you are. (= I am not mad any more than you (are). = You are not mad, nor am I).

　　He is not more generous than John. (= He is not so generous as John.)

　　7. more than的用法:

　　(1) = over“过多; …以上”

　　It takes more than an hour.

　　(2) 修饰名词、形容词、副词、动词或子句，表“远超过；何止”。

　　The story of the erupted island is more than a story.

　　She was dressed more than simply.

　　His merits more than offset his demerits.

　　It is more than I can understand. (= It is beyond my understanding.)

　　8. 有关比较级应注意事项:

　　(1) 句义相当或同类的东西, 才级比较.

　　Most of the highways in America are wider than Europe. (错)

　　Most of the highways in America are wider than those in Europe. (对)

　　(2) 使用比较级时, 必须把本身除外, 常于other或else连用.

　　This book is more interesting than any other book.

　　This book is more interesting than any book else.